CITATIONS
1) Tobias Hoffmann, “Conscience and Synderesis,” in The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas, ed. Brian Davies (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2012), http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195326093.001.0001/oxfordhb9780195326093-e-20.
2) Richard Sorabji, Moral Conscience Throughout The Ages: Fifth Century BCE to the Present (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2014).
3) Sorabji, Moral Conscience, 15
4) Sorabji, Moral Conscience, 15.
5) Alberto Giubilini, “Conscience,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, winter 2016 ed., ed. Edward N. Zalta, http://
plato.stanford.edu/entries/conscience/.
6) Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae, I-II, question 19, article 5. See page 2716 of http://www.
documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1225-1274,_Thomas_Aquinas,_Summa_Theologiae_%5B1%5D,_EN.pdf
7) Douglas C. Langston, Conscience and Other Virtues: From Bonaventure to MacIntyre (University Park: Pennsylvania
State University Press, 2001), 39.
8) Langston, Conscience and Other Virtues, 39.
9) John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration, ed. Mario Montuori (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963), reproduced at the
Founders’ Constitution, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_assemblys7.html.
10) John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Philadelphia: Kay & Troutman, 1846), 54 (book 1, chapter 3,
section 8).
11) Robert K. Vischer, Conscience and the Common Good: Reclaiming the Space Between Person and State (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2010).
12) Nathan S. Chapman, “Disentangling Conscience and Religion,” University of Illinois Law Review 2013, no. 1457 (2013):
1463.
13) Kimberley Brownlee, Conscience and Conviction: The Case for Civil Disobedience (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2012), 79.
14) Václav Havel, “Politics and Conscience,” Univforum, 1984, http://www.univforum.org/sites/default/files/HAVEL_
Politics%20Conscience_ENG.pdf.
15) Mark Wicclair, Conscientious Objection in Health Care: An Ethical Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2011), 4.
16) Wicclair, Conscientious Objection in Health Care, 4.
17) Janet Epp-Buckingham, Fighting over God: A Legal and Political History of Religious Freedom in Canada (Montreal:
McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2014), 144–47.
18) Howard Kislowicz, Richard Haigh, and Adrienne Ng, “Calculations of Conscience: The Costs and Benefits of Religious
and Conscientious Freedom,” Alberta Law Review 48, no. 3 (2011): 707.
19) R v Edward Books and Art Ltd, [1986] 2 SCR 713, 759.
20) Martha Nussbaum, Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America’s Tradition of Religious Equality (New York: Basic
Books, 2008), 168.
21) Jocelyn Maclure and Charles Taylor, Secularism and Freedom of Conscience, trans Jane M. Todd (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 2011), 76.
22) Richard Moon, Freedom of Conscience and Religion (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2014), 188.
23) Paul Strohm, Conscience: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 39–42.
24) R v Morgentaler, [1988] 1 SCR 30, 178.
25) United Nations General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, December 10, 1948, 217 A. (III), Art. 1, http://
www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html.
26) Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1780, the Vatican website, http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/
p3s1c1a6.htm.
27) R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd, [1985] 1 SCR 295.
28) Elizabeth G. Epstein and Ann Baile Hamric, “Moral Distress, Moral Residue, and the Crescendo Effect,” Journal of
Clinical Ethics 20, no. 4 (2009): 330–42, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3612701/.
29) Epstein and Baile Hambric, “Moral Distress.”
30) Chandran Kukathas, The Liberal Archipelago (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 55.
31) Wicclair, Conscientious Objection in Health Care, 11.
32) “What Is Moral Injury,” The Moral Injury Project, Syracuse University, http://moralinjuryproject.syr.edu/about-moralinjury/.
33) US Department of Veterans Affairs, “Moral Injury in the Context of War,” https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/
cooccurring/moral_injury.asp.
34) Diane Silver, “Beyond PTSD: Soldiers Have Injured Souls,” Truthout, September 3, 2011, http://www.truth-out.org/news/
item/3112:beyond-ptsd-soldiers-have-injured-souls.
35) See Andrew Fiala, “Pacifism,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, fall 2018 ed., https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/
pacifism/.
36) Devi Prasad, War Is a Crime Against Humanity: The Story of War Resisters’ International (London: War Resisters’
International, 2005).
37) Andrea Janus, “Doctor Who Objects to Physician-Assisted Suicide Says Role Is in ‘Service of the Sanctity of Life,’”
CBC News, April 4, 2017, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/programs/metromorning/physician-assisted-deathreferral-1.4054329.
38) See chapter 7 of Mary Anne Waldron, Free to Believe: Rethinking Freedom of Conscience and Religion in Canada
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013).
39) Amnesty International (Canada), “Prisoner of Conscience,” October 5, 2018, https://www.amnesty.ca/category/issue/
prisoner-of-conscience.
40) Richard Haigh and Peter Bowal, “Whistleblowing and Freedom of Conscience: Towards a New Legal Analysis,”
Dalhousie Law Journal 35, no. 1 (2012): 89–125.
41) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, section 1, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the
Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11, https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-15.html.
42) R v Big M Drug Mart.
43) Mouvement laïque québécois v Saguenay (City), [2015] 2 SCR 3.
44) Carter v Canada (Attorney General), [2015] 1 SCR 331, para. 132.
45) R v Morgentaler, 166.
46) Judith N. Shklar, Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), 1–2.
47) Maclure and Taylor, Secularism and Freedom of Conscience, 23.
48) Daniel Stoljar, “Physicalism,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, winter 2017 ed., https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/
physicalism/.
49) See, for example, Jennie Russell, “Unassisted Death,” CBC News, https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/unassisteddeath.
50) Epp-Buckingham, Fighting over God, 144–147.
51) Tyler Doggett, “Moral Vegetarianism,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, fall 2018 ed., https://plato.stanford.edu/
entries/vegetarianism/.
52) Shelley A.M. Gavigan, “Morgentaler and Beyond: Abortion, Reproduction, and the Courts,” in The Politics of Abortion,
by M. Janine Brodie, Shalley A.M. Gavigan, and Jane Jenson (Toronto: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 118.
53) Rob Stein, “Pharmacists’ Rights at Front of New Debate,” Washington Post, March 28, 2005, http://www.
washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5490-2005Mar27.html.
54) The Christian Medical and Dental Society of Canada v College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, 2018 ONSC
579, para. 147.
55) Tom Blackwell, “B.C. Man Faced Excruciating Transfer After Catholic Hospital Refused Assisted-Death Request,”
National Post, September 27, 2016, https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/b-c-man-faced-excruciating-transfer-aftercatholic-hospital-refused-assisted-death-request.
56) Jessica Leeder, “I Wanted an Abortion in Nova Scotia, but All Around, Barriers Still Remained,” Globe and Mail,
September 22, 2018, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-i-wanted-an-abortion-in-nova-scotia-but-allaround-barriers-still/.
57) Udo Schuklenk, “Conscientious Objection in Medicine: Private Ideological Convictions Must Not Supercede Public
Service Obligations,” Bioethics 29, no. 5 (2015): ii.
58) College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, “Find a Doctor,” http://www.cpso.on.ca/Public-Information-Services/
Find-a-Doctor.
59) Warren J. Blumenfeld, “Integrity and a Bridge Too Far,” Huffington Post, June 8, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/
warren-j-blumenfeld/integrity-and-a-bridge-to_b_10340368.html.