CITATIONS
1) Maimonides, Introduction to the Mishnah (Sefer Hamaor), 1145–68. See also Hayim H. Donin, To Be a Jew: A Guide to Jewish
Observance in Contemporary Life (New York: Basic Books, 2019); Joseph Telushkin, Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to
Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History (New York: William Morrow, 2008); Shlomo Yosef Zevin, “Halacha,” in
Talmudic Encyclopedia. Jerusalem: Talmudic Encyclopedia Institute, 1990), vol. 9.
2) Maimonides, Introduction to the Mishnah (Sefer Hamaor), 1145–68. See also Aruch, Halacha.
3) Tur and Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat, chaps. 8 and 34. See also Maimonides, Mishnah Torah, Judges—Courts, chap. 2, and
Laws of Witnesses, chap. 9.
4) An individual’s good-standing status can affect many aspects of their social life such as their ability to swear an oath,
participate in certain communal proceedings and rituals, and give testimony in a Jewish court. See Zevin, “Halacha”; Chezkas
Kashrus, vol. 14. See also Maimonides, Mishnah Torah, Laws of Sanctifying the New Moon, chap. 2; Lechem Mishnah on the
Mishnah Torah, Judges—Courts, chap. 2, and Laws of Witnesses, chap. 9.
5) See note 1.
6) Telushkin, Jewish Literacy. See also Yaffa Ganz and Berel Wein, Sand and Stars: The Jewish Journey Through Time (New York:
Shaar Press, 1994); Tur, Choshen Mishpat 1:1; Maimonides, Mishnah Torah, Judges—Laws of Courts, chap. 1.
7) Telushkin, Jewish Literacy. See also Ganz and Wein, Sand and Stars; Chaim Schloss, 2000 Years of Jewish History: From the
Destruction of the Second Bais Hamikdash until the Twentieth Century (Jerusalem: Feldheim, 2004).
8) “History of Jewish Prayer.” My Jewish Learning, www.myjewishlearning.com/article/history-of-jewish-prayer/. See also Donin,
To Be a Jew.
9) During the times of the temple, the new month would begin when witnesses testified in a rabbinical court in Jerusalem that
they had seen the new moon. When the Romans destroyed the temple, they issued a series of decrees that were intended to
undermine the structure of the Jewish religion. One such decree outlawed the practice of establishing a new month based on
lunar testimony. This forced the rabbis to create a fixed calendar, so the Jews would know when the holidays would be held as
well as when to the new year would be. See Maimonides, Mishnah Torah, Times—Sanctification of the New Moon, chap. 5. See also Telushkin, Jewish Literacy.
10) Tur and Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat, chaps. 1–27.
11) Yitzchak Issac Hertzug et al., Halakhah pesuḳah: mishpaṭ Ha-Torah Li-meḳorotaṿ Ba-Talmud u-fosḳim ʻal Seder Ha-Shulḥan-
ʻarukh, Ḥoshen Ha-mishpaṭ (Jerusalem: The Harry Fishel Institute, 1962), 11–30.
12) Zevin, “Halacha”; Dinah D’Malchusa, vol. 7. See also Talmud: Gittin 10:b, Nedarim 28:a. Tur and Shulchan Aruch, Choshen
Mishpat, chap. 369.
13) In Jewish law there are two general categories of mitzvot (commandments); biblical commandments that are derived directly from a biblical verse or interpretation of a biblical directive, and rabbinical commandments that are essentially decrees issued by rabbinical authorities. Although the ability for the rabbis to issue these directives is sourced in the Torah, they do not have the status of biblical mitzvot and are generally considered to be of lesser standing.
14) Zevin, “Halacha”; Dinah D’Malchusa, vol. 7. See also Beis Shmuel, Even ha’Ezer 28:3; Avnei Miluyim; Chasam Sofer, Responsa—
Yore Deia, chap. 314; Dvar Avraham, Responsa—Even ha’Ezer, chap. 28.
15) Zevin, “Halacha.” See also Talmud: Gittin 10:b, Nedarim 28:a, Bava Basra 54:b. See also Maimonides, Mishnah Torah, Laws of
20 Cardus Religious Freedom Institute
Theft 5:11; Tur and Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat chap. 369.
16) The seven Noahide Laws are seven laws that Halacha extends to non-Jews as well as Jews. They include: do not worship idols, do not curse God, establish courts of justice, do not murder, do not commit adultery, do not steal, do not eat the flesh of a living animal. See Telushkin, Jewish Literacy; “Jewish Concepts,” Jewish Virtual Library, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-sevennoachide-laws.
17) Pirkei Avot 3:2. See also Tur, Choshen Mishpat, 1:1.
18) Bartenura, on Pirkei Avot 3:2.
19) Avodah Zara 4:a.
20) Louis Ginzberg, “Bertinoro, Obadiah (Yareh) B. Abraham.” Jewish Encyclopedia, www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3171-
bertinoro-obadiah-yareh-b-abraham.
21) Maimonides, Mishnah Torah, Theft 5:18. See also Tur and Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat 369:2.
22) Zevin, “Halacha.” Dinah D’Malchusa, vol. 7.
23) Chaim Jachter, “Dina D’Malchuta Dina,” Kol Torah, 2009, www.koltorah.org/halachah/dina-dmalchuta-dina-by-rabbi-chaimjachter.
24) Louis Althusser, Politics and History: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Hegel and Marx (London: Verso, 1982).
25) Jachter, “Dina D’Malchuta Dina.” See also Ovadia Yosef, Teshuvot Yechave Da’at 5:64.
26) Bava Kama 113:a.
27) Rabbi Yosef also cites sources that demonstrate that the talmudic rabbis were aware of the principles of democracy, and
states—such as Rome—where is was the method of state governance. See Tosfos, Avodah Zara 10:b.
28) Bava Kama 113:b.
29) Jachter, “Dina D’Malchuta Dina.”
30) Zevin, “Halacha.” Dinah D’Malchusa, volume 7.
31) Zevin, “Halacha.” See also Chidushei ha’Ramban; Bava Basra 55:a; Magid Mishnah, Theft 5:13; Ba’al ha’Terumos 46:8:5.
32) Zevin, “Halacha.” See also Magid Mishnah, Lender and Borrower 27:1; Chidushei ha’Ramban; Bava Basra 55:a; Ran. Gittin 10:a;
Sifsei Kohen. Choshen Mishpat 73:39.
33) Zevin, “Halacha.” See also Rabeinu Yona (Shita Mikubetzes), Bava Basra 54:b and 55:a; Rashbam, Gittin 10:b; Dvar Avraham
(responsa), Chelek 1 chap. 1.
34) Zevin, “Halacha.” See also Sifsei Kohen, Choshen Mishpat, 73:39 and at 73:36; Raived on the Ramban as referenced in the Baal
HaTerumos, Non-Jewish Customs, chap. 49.
35) Zevin, “Halacha.”
36) Zevin, “Halacha.” See also Tur and Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat, 369:6; Maimonides, Mishnah Torah, Theft and Lost
Objects 5:12 and Kings 4:1.
37) Zevin, “Halacha.”
38) Tur and Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat, 369:6. See also Rosh. Bava Kama 10:10; Ran. Nedarim 28:a.
39) Ganz and Wein, Sand and Stars. See also Schloss, 2000 Years.
40) Ganz and Wein, Sand and Stars. See also Telushkin, Jewish Literacy.
41) Maimonides, Mishnah Torah, Foundations of Torah 5:3. See also Kesef Mishneh and Magid Mishnah, Lender and Borrower 27:1.
42) Berachos 61:b.
43) Moshe T. Schuchman, “A Cut Above: Shechita in the Crosshairs, Again.” Star-K, December 5, 2012, www.star-k.org/articles/
kashrus-kurrents/548/a-cut-above-shechita-in-the-crosshairs-again/. See also Paolo S. Pozzi and Trevor Waner, “Shechita (Kosher
Slaughtering) and European legislation,” Veterinaria italiana 53, no. 1 (2017): 5–19.
44) Schuchman, “A Cut Above.”
45) Benjamin Kline Hunnicutt, “The Jewish Sabbath Movement in the Early Twentieth Century,” American Jewish History 69, no. 2
(1979): 196–225, www.jstor.org/stable/23881832.
46) Ronald L. Eisenberg, “Shabbat’s Work Prohibition,” My Jewish Learning, www.myjewishlearning.com/article/shabbats-workprohibition/.
47) Hunnicutt, “Jewish Sabbath Movement.”
48) “Exilarch.” Jewish Virtual Library, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/exilarch. See also Geoffrey Herman, A Prince Without a
Kingdom: The Exilarch in the Sasanian Era, Text and Studies in Ancient Judaism 150 (Tübingen Mohr Siebeck, 2012); Norman
Bentwich, “The Rightfulness of the Jews in the Roman Empire,” Jewish Quarterly Review 6, no. 2 (1915): 325–36, www.jstor.org/
stable/1451370.
49) Izhak Englard, Religious Law in the Israel Legal System (Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Law, Harry
Sacher Institute for Legislative Research and Comparative Law, 1975). See also Bruce Masters, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman
Arab world: The Roots of Sectarianism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis, eds.,
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society, vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982).
50) That is, aside from the semi-mythical Khazar kingdom depicted in the Kuzari, where the entire state converted to
Judaism, and the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen under Ab Karib As’ad, where the state chose to convert to Judaism as well. See
Martin Gilbert, In Ishmael’s House: A History of Jews in Muslim Lands (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011). See also Selig
Schachnowitz, The Jewish Kingdom of Kuzar: The Rise and Fall of the Legendary Country of Converts (Jerusalem: Feldheim, 2007).
51) See notes 48 and 49 above.
52) Ganz and Wein, Sand and Stars. See also Schloss, 2000 Years.
53) Ganz and Wein, Sand and Stars. See also Gilbert, In Ishmael’s House; Gerard S. Sloyan, “Christian Persecution of Jews Over the
Centuries,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, www.ushmm.org/research/the-center-for-advanced-holocaust-studies/
programs-ethics-religion-the-holocaust/articles-and-resources/christian-persecution-of-jews-over-the-centuries/; Joseph Pérez,
The Spanish Inquisition: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).
54) Gilbert, In Ishmael’s House. See also Sloyan, “Christian Persecution of Jews.”
55) Shmuel Ettinger, “Jewish Emancipation and Enlightenment,” My Jewish Learning, www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewishemancipation-
and-enlightenment/. See also Jonathan Israel, “How Did the Enlightenment Shape the Jews?” (Stroum Center
for Jewish Studies, University of Washington), jewishstudies.washington.edu/jewish-history-and-thought/did-enlightenmentshape-
jews-jonathan-israel/; Ira Katznelson and Pierre Birnbaum, Paths of Emancipation: Jews, States, and Citizenship (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 2016).
56) Shira Schoenberg, “Modern Jewish History: The Haskalah,” Jewish Virtual Library, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-haskalah.
See also “Haskala,” Encyclopædia Britannica, www.britannica.com/topic/Haskala.
57) Ironically, the notion that secularism would cure society form anti-Semitism was proved to be profoundly false by waves of
pogroms, the Holocaust, Soviet persecution, and the host of other post-Enlightenment, anti-Jewish occurrences. See Bernard
Lewis, “The New Anti-Semitism,” The American Scholar, December 1, 2005, https://theamericanscholar.org/the-new-antisemitism.
See also Ron Schleifer and Gila Ansell Brauner, “Enlightenment Emancipation and Racial Antisemitism,” The Jewish
Agency for Israel, June 17, 2015, www.jewishagency.org/antisemitism/content/24065.
58) See note 56 above.
59) Derek H. Davis, “The Evolution of Religious Freedom as a Universal Human Right: Examining the Role of the 1981 United
Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief,” Brigham
Young University Law Review 2 (2002): 217. See also Juan Pablo Domínguez, “Introduction: Religious toleration in the Age of Enlightenment,” History of European Ideas 43, no. 4 (2017): 273–87.
60) Nancy L. Rosenblum, ed., Obligations of Citizenship and Demands of Faith: Religious Accommodation in Pluralist Democracies
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
61) Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem, 2004 SCC 47, [2004] 2 SCR 551.
62) Yechiel Colman, “Ensuring Enforceability of Beis Din’s Judgments,” Jewish Law, May 3, 1998, www.jlaw.com/Articles/Beisdin1.
html. See also Michael Broyde, “Making Religious Arbitration Work in America: The Jewish Experience,” Washington Post, June 26,
2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/06/26/making-religious-arbitration-work-in-america-thejewish-
experience/. See also Ginnine Fried, “The Collision of Church and State: A Primer to Beth Din Arbitration and the New York
Secular Courts,” Fordham Urban Law Journal 31, no. 2 (2003): 633.
63) Irving Breitowitz, “The Plight of the Agunah: A Study in Halacha, Contract, and the First Amendment,” Maryland Law Review
51, no. 2 (1992): 312. See also Michael J. Broyde, “The 1992 New York Get Law,” Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 29,
no. 4 (1995): 5–13; Divorce Act, Sec 21.1 (R.S.C., 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.)); “Province of Ontario and Canada’s ‘Get Legislation’ Law.”
Aguna And Her Get, July 2, 2014, agunahandherget.com/testing-post-seven/.